LEARN ABOUT MAMMALS

CLASS MAMMALIA

Class Mammalia consists of all mammals, an extremely diverse and very advanced group in the animal kingdom with certain distinguishing features. Mammals are endothermic and with a high rate of metabolism, just like class Aves. But unique to mammals are hair and mammary glands. The mammary glands produce milk that nourishes the young, and the hair helps insulate the body and maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Also serving a protective barrier is the skin, a layer of epidermis over a layer of fat. Mammals have efficient circulatory systems with a four chambered heart, a well-developed brain, and four limbs. Most mammals are terrestrial, but there are about 1,000 winged species, including bats, and 80 aquatic species, including whales and dolphins. There are three major groups of mammals, divided by their embryonic development.

Monotremes, with only three living species, are mammals that lay eggs. The eggs are incubated in a nest, and after the eggs hatch, the young feed on the milk secreted by the fur of the mother. One species of monotreme, the platypus, lives in Tasmania and Australia. Besides the few monotreme species, all mammals are characterized by giving birth to live young.

Marsupials are the second type of mammals. All marsupials live in Australia, New Zealand, and Central and South America. Marsupials give birth to tiny embryos that are attached to the mother's nipple. These embryos grow in an external pouch attached to the mother's abdomen, called a marsupium. One example of a marsupial is a kangaroo, with a pouch on the ventral side.

The most common kind of mammals are eutherians, or placentals. The placentas of these mammals make a long-lasting relationship between the mother and child. About 95% of mammals are eutherians, and natural selection favors a long term relationship between the mother and child because the originally weak and helpless child needs protection.

Mammals evolved during the age of reptiles from a lineage of reptiles about 225 million years ago. After the extinction of dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic Age, the species diversity and population of mammals boomed because there was no more food and fewer predators. There are currently 4,500 species of mammals. The order Primates contains our species, Homo sapiens

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learn about kingdom plantae

The Plantae includes all land plants: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants, and so on—an amazing range of diverse forms. With more than 250,000 species, they are second in size only to the arthropoda.

Plants have been around for a very long time. The plants first appeared in the Ordovician, but did not begin to resemble modern plants until the Late Silurian. By the close of theDevonian, about 360 million years ago, there were a wide variety of shapes and sizes of plants around, including tiny creeping plants and tall forest trees.

The most striking, and important, feature of plants is their green color, the result of a pigment called chlorophyll. Plants use chlorophyll to capture light energy, which fuels the manufacture of food—sugar, starch, and other carbohydrates. Without these food sources, most life on earth would be impossible. There would still be mushrooms and algae, but there would be no fruits, vegetables, grains, or any animals (which ultimately rely on plants for their food too!)

Another important contribution of plants is their shaping of the environment. Think of a place without plants. The only such places on earth are the arctic wastelands, really arid deserts, and the deep ocean. Everywhere else, from the tundra to the rainforest to the desert, is populated by plants. In fact, when we think of a particular landscape, it is the plants which first come to mind. Try to picture a forest without trees, or a prairie without grasses. It is the plants which produce and maintain the terrestrial environment as we know it.

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Monera - All the organisms of this kingdom are prokaryotes. Complex structure was the basis of classification of organisms, many centuries ago. According to R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification all the bacteria were placed under the Kingdom Monera.

Monera are considered as the most primitive group of organisms. They include various types of bacteria and blue-green algae.

Monerans are most abundant of all organisms, due to their versatility of their habitat.It is estimated that a single drop of water contains 50 billion bacteria.

Definition Kingdom Monera 

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The Kingdom Monera includes organisms that are single-celled known as bacteria. The microorganisms in Kingdom Monera are considered as the most ancient living forms on earth. The kingdom is divided into two groups Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. All the organisms of this kingdom are prokaryotes. These cells do not have nuclear membrane, the chromosome is a single and circular, they also lack membrane bound cellular organelles. This kingdom includes bacteria, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma etc. They are unicellular organisms and do not have specific mode of nutrition. They can be either aerobic or anaerobic.These organisms have cell wall which is made up of peptidoglycans. The cell organelles are not membrane bound. Cell organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria are absent. Reproduction is by spore formation and binary fission.

Kingdom Monera Characteristics

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General characteristics of the kingdom Monera are as follows: 

• They are primitive organisms.
• All organisms of the kingdom are prokaryotes.
• They are present in both living and non-living environment.
• They can survive in harsh and extreme climatic conditions like in hot springs, acidic soils etc.
• They are unicellular organisms.
• Membrane bound nucleus is absent.
• DNA is in double stranded form, suspended in the cytoplasm of the organism,referred as nucleoid.
• A rigid cell wall is present.
• Membrane bound cellular organelles like mitochondria are absent.
• Habitat - Monerans are found everywhere in hot springs, under ice, in deep ocean floor, in deserts and on or inside the body of plants and animals.
• Nutrition - autotrophs - can prepare their own food, heterotrophs - depend on others for food, saprophytes - feed on dead and decaying matter, parasitic - live on other host cells for survival and cause, symbiotic - in mutual relation with other organisms, commensalism - it is where one organism is benefited and the other is not affected, mutualism - where both the organisms are benefited.
• Respiration - respiration in these organisms vary, they may be obligate aerobes - the organisms must have organisms for survival;obligate anaerobes - the organisms cannot survive in the presence of oxygen; facultative anaerobes - these organisms can survive with or without oxygen. 
• Circulation - is through diffusion. 
• Movement - is with the help of flagella.
• Reproduction is mostly asexual, sexual reproduction is also seen. Asexual reproduction is by binary fission, sexual reproduction is by conjugation, transformation and transduction.